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SQL Grammar

Commands (Data Manipulation)

SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
BACKUP
CALL
EXPLAIN
MERGE
RUNSCRIPT
SCRIPT

Commands (Data Definition)

ALTER INDEX RENAME
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER TABLE ADD
ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN RENAME
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN RESTART
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SELECTIVITY
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET DEFAULT
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET NOT NULL
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET NULL
ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT
ALTER TABLE SET
ALTER TABLE RENAME
ALTER USER ADMIN
ALTER USER RENAME
ALTER USER SET PASSWORD
ALTER VIEW
ANALYZE
COMMENT
CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE ALIAS
CREATE CONSTANT
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LINKED TABLE
CREATE ROLE
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE USER
CREATE VIEW
DROP AGGREGATE
DROP ALIAS
DROP ALL OBJECTS
DROP CONSTANT
DROP DOMAIN
DROP INDEX
DROP ROLE
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP TABLE
DROP TRIGGER
DROP USER
DROP VIEW
TRUNCATE TABLE

Commands (Other)

COMMIT
COMMIT TRANSACTION
CHECKPOINT
CHECKPOINT SYNC
GRANT RIGHT
GRANT ROLE
HELP
PREPARE COMMIT
REVOKE RIGHT
REVOKE ROLE
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
SAVEPOINT
SET @
SET ALLOW_LITERALS
SET AUTOCOMMIT
SET CACHE_SIZE
SET CLUSTER
SET COLLATION
SET COMPRESS_LOB
SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER
SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY
SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT
SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE
SET EXCLUSIVE
SET IGNORECASE
SET LOCK_MODE
SET LOCK_TIMEOUT
SET LOG
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB
SET MAX_LOG_SIZE
SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS
SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY
SET MODE
SET MULTI_THREADED
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS
SET QUERY_TIMEOUT
SET PASSWORD
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY
SET SALT HASH
SET SCHEMA
SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH
SET THROTTLE
SET TRACE_LEVEL
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE
SET UNDO_LOG
SET WRITE_DELAY
SHUTDOWN

Other Grammar

Comments
Select Part
From Part
Constraint
Referential Constraint
Table Expression
Order
Expression
And Condition
Condition
Condition Right Hand Side
Compare
Operand
Summand
Factor
Term
Value
Case
Case When
Cipher
Select Expression
Data Type
Name
Alias
Quoted Name
String
Dollar Quoted String
Int
Long
Hex Number
Decimal
Double
Date
Time
Timestamp
Boolean
Bytes
Array
Null
Hex
Digit

System Tables

Information Schema
Range Table

SELECT

{SELECT selectPart FROM fromPart|FROM fromPart SELECT selectPart}
[WHERE expression]
[GROUP BY expression [,...]]
[HAVING expression]
[{UNION [ALL] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT} select]
[ORDER BY order [,...]]
[LIMIT expression [OFFSET expression] [SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt]]
[FOR UPDATE]

Selects data from a table or multiple tables.
If a sample size is specified, this limits the number of rows read for aggregate queries.
If FOR UPDATE is specified, the tables are locked for writing.

Example:
SELECT * FROM TEST

INSERT

INSERT INTO tableName [(columnName [,...])]
{VALUES {( [{DEFAULT | expression} [,...]] )} [,...]
| select}

Inserts a new row / new rows into a table.

Example:
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello')

UPDATE

UPDATE tableName
SET {columnName= {DEFAULT | expression} } [,...]
[WHERE expression]

Updates data in a table.

Example:
UPDATE TEST SET NAME='Hi' WHERE ID=1

DELETE

DELETE FROM tableName [WHERE expression]

Deletes rows form a table.

Example:
DELETE FROM TEST WHERE ID=2

BACKUP

BACKUP TO fileNameString

Backs up the database files to a .zip file.
Objects are not locked.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
BACKUP TO 'backup.zip'

CALL

CALL expression

Calculates a simple expression.

Example:
CALL 15*25

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN [PLAN FOR] {select | insert | update | delete}

Shows the execution plan for a query.

Example:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID=1

MERGE

MERGE INTO tableName [(columnName [,...])] [KEY(columnName [,...])]
{VALUES {( [{DEFAULT | expression} [,...]] )} [,...]
| select}

Updates the row if it exists, and if the row does not exist, inserts a new row.
If the key columns are not specified, the primary key columns are used to find the row.
This command is sometimes called 'UPSERT' as it updates a row if it exists,
or inserts the row if it does not yet exist.
If more than one row per new row is affected, an exception is thrown.

Example:
MERGE INTO TEST KEY(ID) VALUES(2, 'World')

RUNSCRIPT

RUNSCRIPT FROM fileNameString
[COMPRESSION {DEFLATE|LZF|ZIP|GZIP}]
[CIPHER cipher PASSWORD string]
[CHARSET charsetString]

Runs a SQL script from a file. The script is a text file containing SQL statements; each statement must end with ';'.
This command can be used to restore a database from a backup.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
The compression algorithm must match to the one used when creating the script.
When using encryption, only DEFLATE and LZF are supported.
Instead of a file, an URL may be used.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
RUNSCRIPT FROM 'backup'

SCRIPT

SCRIPT [SIMPLE] [NODATA] [NOPASSWORDS] [NOSETTINGS] [DROP] [BLOCKSIZE blockSizeInt]
[TO fileNameString
[COMPRESSION {DEFLATE|LZF|ZIP|GZIP}]
[CIPHER cipher PASSWORD string]]

Creates a SQL script with or without the insert statements.
The simple format does not use multi-row insert statements.
If no file name is specified, the script is returned as a result set.
This command can be used to create a backup of the database.
For long term storage, it is more portable than file based backup.
If the DROP option is specified, drop statements are created for tables, views, and sequences.
If the block size is set, CLOB and BLOB values larger than this size are split into separate blocks.
If a file name is specified, then the whole script (including insert statements) is written to this file,
and a result set without the insert statements is returned.
When using encryption, only DEFLATE and LZF are supported.
This command locks objects while it is running.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.

Example:
SCRIPT NODATA

ALTER INDEX RENAME

ALTER INDEX indexName RENAME TO newIndexName

Renames an index.

Example:
ALTER INDEX IDXNAME RENAME TO IDX_TEST_NAME

ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE sequenceName
[RESTART WITH long]
[INCREMENT BY long]

Changes the next value and / or the increment of a sequence.
This command can be used inside a transaction,
that means it does not commit the current transaction;
however the new value is by other transactions immediately,
and rolling back this command has no effect.

Example:
ALTER SEQUENCE SEQ_ID RESTART WITH 1000

ALTER TABLE ADD

ALTER TABLE tableName ADD name dataType
[DEFAULT expression]
[[NOT] NULL] [AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY]
[BEFORE columnName]

Adds a new column to a table.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CREATEDATE TIMESTAMP

ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE tableName ADD constraint [CHECK|NOCHECK]

Adds a constraint to a table.
If NOCHECK is specified, the existing data is not checked for consistency (the default is to check consistency for existing data).
It is not possible to disable checking for unique constraints.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CONSTRAINT NAME_UNIQUE UNIQUE(NAME)

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
dataType [DEFAULT expression] [NOT [NULL]]
[AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY]

Changes the data type of a column.
The data will be migrated if possible, and if not, the operation fails.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME CLOB

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN RENAME

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
RENAME TO name

Renames a column.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME RENAME TO TEXT

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN RESTART

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
RESTART WITH long

Changes the next value of an auto increment column.
The column must be an auto increment column.
The same transactional rules as for ALTER SEQUENCE apply.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN ID RESTART WITH 10000

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SELECTIVITY

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
SELECTIVITY int

Sets the selectivity (1-100) for a column. Setting the selectivity to 0 means setting it to the default value.
Selectivity is used by the cost based optimizer to calculate the estimated cost of an index.
Selectivity 100 means values are unique, 10 means every distinct value appears 10 times on average.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SELECTIVITY 100

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET DEFAULT

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
SET DEFAULT expression

Changes the default value of a column.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET DEFAULT ''

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET NOT NULL

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
SET NOT NULL

Sets a column to not allow NULL.
This is not possible if there are any rows with NULL in this column.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NOT NULL

ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET NULL

ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
SET NULL

Sets a column to allow NULL.
This is not possible if the column is part of a primary key or multi-column hash index.
If there are single column indexes on this column, they are dropped.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NULL

ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN

ALTER TABLE tableName DROP COLUMN columnName

Removes a column from a table.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST DROP COLUMN NAME

ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE tableName DROP
{CONSTRAINT [IF EXISTS] constraintName | PRIMARY KEY}

Removes a constraint or a primary key from a table.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST DROP CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_NAME

ALTER TABLE SET

ALTER TABLE tableName SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY {FALSE | TRUE [CHECK|NOCHECK]}

Disables or enables referential integrity checking for a table.
This command can be used inside a transaction.
Enabling it does not check existing data, except if CHECK is specified.
Use SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY to disable it for all tables (the global flag and the flag for each table are independent).

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE

ALTER TABLE RENAME

ALTER TABLE tableName RENAME TO newName

Renames a table.

Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST RENAME TO MY_DATA

ALTER USER ADMIN

ALTER USER userName ADMIN {TRUE | FALSE}

Switches the admin flag of a user on or off.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
ALTER USER TOM ADMIN TRUE

ALTER USER RENAME

ALTER USER userName RENAME TO newUserName

Renames a user.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
After renaming a user the password becomes invalid and needs to be changed as well.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
ALTER USER TOM RENAME TO THOMAS

ALTER USER SET PASSWORD

ALTER USER userName SET
{PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes}

Changes the password of a user.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
The salt and hash values are hex strings.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
ALTER USER SA SET PASSWORD 'rioyxlgt'

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW viewName RECOMPILE

Recompiles a view after the underlying tables have been changed or created.

Example:
ALTER VIEW ADDRESS_VIEW RECOMPILE

ANALYZE

ANALYZE [SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt]

Updates the selectivity statistics of all tables.
The selectivity is used by the cost based optimizer to select the best index for a given query.
If no sample size is set, up to 10000 rows per table are read to calculate the values.
The value 0 means all rows.
The selectivity can be set manually with ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SELECTIVITY.
The manual values are overwritten by this statement.
The selectivity is available in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table.

Example:
ANALYZE SAMPLE_SIZE 1000

COMMENT

COMMENT ON { { TABLE | VIEW | CONSTANT | CONSTRAINT
| ALIAS | INDEX | ROLE | SCHEMA | SEQUENCE | TRIGGER | USER | DOMAIN }
[schemaName.]objectName } | { COLUMN [schemaName.]tableName.columnName }
IS expression

Sets the comment of a database object. Use NULL to remove the comment.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
COMMENT ON TABLE TEST IS 'Table used for testing'

CREATE AGGREGATE

CREATE AGGREGATE [IF NOT EXISTS] newAggregateName FOR className

Creates a new user-defined aggregate function. The method name must be the full qualified class name.
The class must implement the interface org.h2.api.AggregateFunction.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CREATE AGGREGATE MEDIAN FOR "com.acme.db.Median"

CREATE ALIAS

CREATE ALIAS [IF NOT EXISTS] newFunctionAliasName FOR classAndMethodName

Creates a new function alias. The method name must be the full qualified class and method name,
and may optionally include the parameter classes as in "java.lang.Integer.parseInt(java.lang.String, int)").
The class and the method must both be public, and the method must be static.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
If the first parameter of the Java function is a java.sql.Connection, then
the current to the database is provided. This connection must not be closed.
If the class contains multiple methods with the given name but different parameter count,
all methods are mapped.

Example:
CREATE ALIAS MY_SQRT FOR "java.lang.Math.sqrt";
CREATE ALIAS GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY FOR "java.lang.System.getProperty";
CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('java.class.path');
CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('com.acme.test', 'true');

CREATE CONSTANT

CREATE CONSTANT [IF NOT EXISTS] newConstantName VALUE expression

Creates a new constant.

Example:
CREATE CONSTANT ONE VALUE 1

CREATE DOMAIN

CREATE DOMAIN [IF NOT EXISTS] newDomainName AS dataType
[DEFAULT expression] [[NOT] NULL] [SELECTIVITY selectivity]
[CHECK condition]

Creates a new data type (domain).
The check condition must evaluate to true or to NULL (to prevent NULL, use NOT NULL).
In the condition, the term VALUE refers to the value being tested.

Example:
CREATE DOMAIN EMAIL AS VARCHAR(255) CHECK (POSITION('@', VALUE) > 1)

CREATE INDEX

CREATE {[UNIQUE [HASH]] INDEX [IF NOT EXISTS] newIndexName
| PRIMARY KEY [HASH]} ON tableName(columnName [,...])

Creates a new index.

Example:
CREATE INDEX IDXNAME ON TEST(NAME)

CREATE LINKED TABLE

CREATE [[GLOBAL | LOCAL] TEMPORARY] LINKED TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS]
name(driverString, urlString,
userString, passwordString, [originalSchemaString,] originalTableString)
[EMIT UPDATES | READONLY]

Creates a table link to an external table.
The driver name may be empty if the driver is already loaded.
If the schema name is not set, only one table with that name may exist in the target database.
Usually, for update statements, the old rows are deleted first
and then the new rows inserted. It is possible to emit update
statements (however this is not possible on rollback), however
in this case multi-row unique key updates may not always work.
Linked tables to the same database share one connection.
If a query is used instead of the original table name, the table is read only.
To use JNDI to get the connection, the driver class must be a
javax.naming.Context (for example javax.naming.InitialContext), and the
URL must be the resource name (for example java:comp/env/jdbc/Test).
The current user owner must have admin rights.

Example:
CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('org.h2.Driver', 'jdbc:h2:test2', 'sa', 'sa', 'TEST');
CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('', 'jdbc:h2:test2', 'sa', 'sa', '(SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID>0)');
CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('javax.naming.InitialContext',
  'java:comp/env/jdbc/Test', NULL, NULL, '(SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID>0)');

CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE [IF NOT EXISTS] newRoleName

Creates a new role.

Example:
CREATE ROLE READONLY

CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA [IF NOT EXISTS] name
[AUTHORIZATION ownerUserName]

Creates a new schema.
The current user owner must have admin rights.
If no authorization is specified, the current user is used.

Example:
CREATE SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION SA

CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [IF NOT EXISTS] newSequenceName
[START WITH long]
[INCREMENT BY long]
[CACHE long]

Creates a new sequence. The data type of a sequence is BIGINT.
The cache is the number of pre-allocated numbers. If the system crashes without closing the
database, at most this many numbers are lost. The default cache size is 32.

Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_ID

CREATE TABLE

CREATE [CACHED | MEMORY | TEMP | [GLOBAL | LOCAL] TEMPORARY]
TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] name
{ ( {name dataType
[{AS computedColumnExpression | DEFAULT expression}]
[[NOT] NULL]
[{AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY}[(startInt [, incrementInt])]]
[SELECTIVITY selectivity]
[PRIMARY KEY [HASH] | UNIQUE]
| constraint} [,...] ) [ AS select ] } | { AS select }

Creates a new table.
Cached tables (the default) are persistent, and the number or rows is not limited by the main memory.
Memory tables are persistent, but the index data is kept in the main memory, so memory tables should not get too large.
Temporary tables are not persistent. Temporary tables can be global (accessible by all connections)
or local (only accessible by the current connection). The default is for temporary tables is global.

Example:
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE TRIGGER [IF NOT EXISTS] newTriggerName
{BEFORE | AFTER} {INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE} [,...]
ON tableName
[FOR EACH ROW] [QUEUE int] [NOWAIT]
CALL triggeredClassName

Creates a new trigger. The trigger class must be public. Nested and inner classes are not supported.
Before triggers are called after data conversion is made, default values are set,
null and length constraint checks have been made; but before other constraints
have been checked.

Example:
CREATE TRIGGER TRIG_INS BEFORE INSERT ON TEST FOR EACH ROW CALL "MyTrigger"

CREATE USER

CREATE USER [IF NOT EXISTS] newUserName
{PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes}
[ADMIN]

Creates a new user.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
The salt and hash values are hex strings.

Example:
CREATE USER GUEST PASSWORD 'abc'

CREATE VIEW

CREATE [FORCE] VIEW [IF NOT EXISTS] newViewName [(columnName [,..])]
AS select

Creates a new view. If the force option is used, then the view is created even if the underlying table(s) don't exist.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CREATE VIEW TEST_VIEW AS SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID < 100

DROP AGGREGATE

DROP AGGREGATE [IF EXISTS] aggregateName

Drops an existing user-defined aggregate function.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CREATE AGGREGATE MEDIAN

DROP ALIAS

DROP ALIAS [IF EXISTS] functionAliasName

Drops an existing function alias.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CREATE ALIAS MY_SQRT

DROP ALL OBJECTS

DROP ALL OBJECTS [DELETE FILES]

Drops all existing views, tables, sequences, schemas, function aliases, roles,
user-defined aggregate functions, domains, and users (except the current user).
If DELETE FILES is specified, the database files will be
removed when the last user disconnects from the database.
Warning: This command can not be rolled back.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
DROP ALL OBJECTS

DROP CONSTANT

DROP CONSTANT [IF EXISTS] constantName

Drops a constant.

Example:
DROP CONSTANT ONE

DROP DOMAIN

DROP DOMAIN [IF EXISTS] domainName

Drops a data type (domain).

Example:
DROP DOMAIN EMAIL

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [IF EXISTS] indexName

Drops an index.

Example:
DROP INDEX IF EXISTS IDXNAME

DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE [IF EXISTS] roleName

Drops a role.

Example:
DROP ROLE READONLY

DROP SCHEMA

DROP SCHEMA [IF EXISTS] schemaName

Drops a schema.

Example:
DROP SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA

DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [IF EXISTS] sequenceName

Drops a sequence.

Example:
DROP SEQUENCE SEQ_ID

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tableName [,...]

Drops an existing table, or a list of existing tables.

Example:
DROP TABLE TEST

DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [IF EXISTS] triggerName

Drops an existing trigger.

Example:
DROP TRIGGER TRIG_INS

DROP USER

DROP USER [IF EXISTS] userName

Drops a user.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
The current user cannot be dropped.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.

Example:
DROP USER TOM

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] viewName

Drops a view.

Example:
DROP VIEW TEST_VIEW

TRUNCATE TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE tableName

Removes all rows from a table.
Other than DELETE FROM without where clause, this command can not be rolled back.
This command is faster than DELETE without where clause.
Only regular data tables without foreign key constraints can be truncated.
This command commits an open transaction.

Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE TEST

COMMIT

COMMIT [WORK]

Commits a transaction.

Example:
COMMIT

COMMIT TRANSACTION

COMMIT TRANSACTION transactionName

Sets the resolution of an in-doubt transaction to 'commit'.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol.

Example:
COMMIT TRANSACTION XID_TEST

CHECKPOINT

CHECKPOINT

Flushes the log and data files and switches to a new log file.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CHECKPOINT

CHECKPOINT SYNC

CHECKPOINT SYNC

Flushes the log, data and index files and forces all system buffers be written to the underlying device.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
CHECKPOINT SYNC

GRANT RIGHT

GRANT {SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL} [,...]
ON tableName [,...] TO {PUBLIC | userName | roleName}

Grants rights for a table to a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
GRANT SELECT ON TEST TO READONLY

GRANT ROLE

GRANT roleName TO {PUBLIC | userName | roleName}

Grants a role to a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
GRANT READONLY TO PUBLIC

HELP

HELP [anything [...]]

Displays the help pages of SQL commands or keywords

Example:
HELP SELECT

PREPARE COMMIT

PREPARE COMMIT newTransactionName

Prepares committing a transaction.
This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol.

Example:
PREPARE COMMIT XID_TEST

REVOKE RIGHT

REVOKE {SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL} [,...]
ON tableName [,...] FROM {PUBLIC | userName | roleName}

Removes rights for a table from a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
REVOKE SELECT ON TEST FROM READONLY

REVOKE ROLE

REVOKE roleName
FROM {PUBLIC | userName | roleName}

Removes a role from a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
REVOKE READONLY FROM TOM

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [TO SAVEPOINT savepointName]

Rolls back a transaction.
If a savepoint name is used, the transaction is only rolled back to the specified savepoint.

Example:
ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION transactionName

Sets the resolution of an in-doubt transaction to 'rollback'.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol.

Example:
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION XID_TEST

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepointName

Create a new savepoint. See also ROLLBACK.
Savepoints are only valid until the transaction is committed or rolled back.

Example:
SAVEPOINT HALF_DONE

SET @

SET @variableName [=] expression

Updates a user-defined variable.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.

Example:
SET @TOTAL=0

SET ALLOW_LITERALS

SET ALLOW_LITERALS {NONE|ALL|NUMBERS}

This setting can help solve the SQL injection problem.
By default, text and number literals are allowed in SQL statements.
However, this enables SQL injection if the application dynamically builds SQL statements.
SQL injection is not possible if user data is set using parameters ('?').
There are three options for this setting:
NONE: Literals of any kind are not allowed, only parameters and constants are allowed.
NUMBERS: Only numerical and boolean literals are allowed.
ALL: All literals are allowed (default).
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
See also CREATE CONSTANT.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE

Example:
SET ALLOW_LITERALS NONE

SET AUTOCOMMIT

SET AUTOCOMMIT {TRUE | ON | FALSE | OFF}

Switches auto commit on or off.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;AUTOCOMMIT=OFF

Example:
SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF

SET CACHE_SIZE

SET CACHE_SIZE int

Sets the size of the cache in KB (each KB being 1024 bytes). The default value is 16384 (16 MB).
The value is rounded to the next higher power of two.
Depending on the virtual machine, the actual memory required may be higher.
This setting is persistent and affects all connections as there is only one cache per database.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;CACHE_SIZE=8192

Example:
SET CACHE_SIZE 8192

SET CLUSTER

SET CLUSTER serverListString

This command should not be used directly by an application,
the statement is executed automatically by the system.
The behavior may change in future releases.
Sets the cluster server list. An empty string switches off the cluster mode.
Switching on the cluster mode requires admin rights,
but any user can switch it off
(this is automatically done when the client detects the other server is not responding).
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET CLUSTER ''

SET COLLATION

SET [DATABASE] COLLATION
{OFF | collationName
[STRENGTH {PRIMARY | SECONDARY | TERTIARY | IDENTICAL}]}

Sets the collation used for comparing strings.
This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined.
See java.text.Collator for details about STRENGTH.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET COLLATION ENGLISH

SET COMPRESS_LOB

SET COMPRESS_LOB {NO|LZF|DEFLATE}

Sets the compression algorithm for BLOB and CLOB data.
Compression is usually slower, but needs less memory.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET COMPRESS_LOB LZF

SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER

SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER classNameString

Sets the event listener class.
An empty string ('') means no listener should be used.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command,
except if it is set when opening the database
(in this case it is reset just after opening the database).
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER='sample.MyListener'

Example:
SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER 'sample.MyListener'

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY int

Sets the delay for closing a database if all connections are closed.
-1: the database is never closed until the close delay is set to some other value or SHUTDOWN is called.
0: no delay (default; the database is closed if the last connection to it is closed).
1: the database is left open for 1 second after the last connection is closed.
Other values: the number of seconds the database is left open after closing the last connection.
If the application exits normally or System.exit is called, the database is closed immediately, even if a delay is set.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1

Example:
SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY -1

SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT

SET DEFAULT LOCK_TIMEOUT int

Sets the default lock timeout (in milliseconds) in this database that is used for the new sessions.
This setting is persistent.
The default value for this setting is 1000 (one second).
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT 5000

SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE

SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE {MEMORY | CACHED}

Sets the default table storage type that is used when creating new tables.
Memory tables are kept fully in the main memory (including indexes),
however changes to the data are stored in the log file.
The size of memory tables is limited by the memory.
The default is CACHED.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE MEMORY

SET EXCLUSIVE

SET EXCLUSIVE {TRUE | FALSE}

Switched the database to exclusive mode and back. In exclusive mode, new connections are rejected,
and operations by other connections are paused until the exclusive mode is disabled.
Only the connection that set the exclusive mode can disable it. When the connection is closed,
it is automatically disabled.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET EXCLUSIVE TRUE

SET IGNORECASE

SET IGNORECASE {TRUE|FALSE}

If IGNORECASE is enabled, text columns in newly created tables will be
case-insensitive. Already existing tables are not affected.
This setting is persistent.
The effect of case-insensitive columns is similar to using a collation with strength PRIMARY.
Case-insensitive columns are compared faster than when using a collation.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET IGNORECASE TRUE

SET LOCK_MODE

SET LOCK_MODE int

Sets the lock mode.
0: No locking (should only be used for testing). Also known as READ_UNCOMMITTED.
1: Table level locking. Also known as SERIALIZABLE.
2: Table level locking with garbage collection (if the application does not close all connections).
3: Table level locking, but read locks are released immediately (default). Also known as READ_COMMITTED.
This setting is not persistent.
Please note that using SET LOCK_MODE 0 while at the same time using multiple
connections may result in inconsistent transactions.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;LOCK_MODE=3

Example:
SET LOCK_MODE 1

SET LOCK_TIMEOUT

SET LOCK_TIMEOUT int

Sets the lock timeout (in milliseconds) for the current session.
The default value for this setting is 1000 (one second).
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;LOCK_TIMEOUT=10000

Example:
SET LOCK_TIMEOUT 1000

SET LOG

SET LOG int

Enabled or disables writing to the log file.
0: logging is disabled (faster)
1: logging of the data is enabled, but logging of the index changes is disabled (default)
2: logging of both data and index changes are enabled
Logging can be disabled to improve the performance when durability is not important,
for example while running tests or when loading the database.
Warning: It may not be possible to recover the database if logging is disabled and
the application terminates abnormally. If logging of index changes is enabled,
opening a database that was crashed becomes faster because the indexes don't need to be rebuilt.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;LOG=2

Example:
SET LOG 0

SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB

SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB int

Sets the maximum size of an in-place LOB object. LOB objects larger
that this size are stored in a separate file, otherwise stored
directly in the database (in-place).
The default max size is 1024.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB 128

SET MAX_LOG_SIZE

SET MAX_LOG_SIZE int

Sets the maximum file size of a log file, in megabytes.
If the file exceeds the limit, a new file is created.
Old files (that are not used for recovery) are deleted automatically,
but multiple log files may exist for some time.
The default max size is 32 MB.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET MAX_LOG_SIZE 2

SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS

SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS int

The maximum number of rows in a result set that are kept in-memory.
If more rows are read, then the rows are buffered to disk.
The default value is 10000.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS 1000

SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO

SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO int

The maximum number of undo records per a session that are kept in-memory.
If a transaction is larger, the records are buffered to disk. The default value is 50000.
Changes to tables without a primary key can not be buffered to disk.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO 1000

SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY

SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY int

Sets the maximum memory used for large operations (delete and insert), in bytes.
Operations that use more memory are buffered to disk, slowing down the operation.
The default max size is 100000. 0 means no limit.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY=10000

Example:
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY 0

SET MODE

SET MODE {REGULAR | HSQLDB | POSTGRESQL | MYSQL}

Changes to another database mode.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;MODE=MYSQL

Example:
SET MODE HSQLDB

SET MULTI_THREADED

SET MULTI_THREADED {0|1}

Enabled (1) or disabled (0) multi-threading inside the database engine.
By default, this setting is disabled. Currently, enabling this is experimental only.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This is a global setting, which means it is not possible to open multiple databases
with different modes at the same time in the same virtual machine.
This setting is not persistent, however the value is kept until the virtual machine exits or it is changed.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;MULTI_THREADED=1

Example:
SET MULTI_THREADED 1

SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS

SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS {0|1}

Enabled (1) or disabled (0) the result reuse optimization.
If enabled, subqueries and views used as subqueries are only re-run if the data in one of the tables was changed.
This option is enabled by default.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS=0

Example:
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS 0

SET QUERY_TIMEOUT

SET QUERY_TIMEOUT int

Set the query timeout of the current session to the given value.
The timeout is in milliseconds. All kinds of statements will
throw an exception if they take longer than the given value.
The default timeout is 0, meaning no timeout.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.

Example:
SET QUERY_TIMEOUT 10000

SET PASSWORD

SET PASSWORD string

Changes the password of the current user.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.

Example:
SET PASSWORD 'abcstzri!.5'

SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY

SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY [TRUE|FALSE]

Disabled or enables referential integrity checking for the whole database.
Enabling it does not check existing data.
Use ALTER TABLE SET to disable it only for one table.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE

SET SALT HASH

SET SALT bytes HASH bytes

Sets the password salt and hash for the current user.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.

Example:
SET SALT '00' HASH '1122'

SET SCHEMA

SET SCHEMA schemaName

Changes the default schema of the current connection.
The default schema is used in statements where no schema is set explicitly.
The default schema for new connections is PUBLIC.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;SCHEMA=ABC

Example:
SET SCHEMA INFORMATION_SCHEMA

SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH

SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH schemaName [,...]

Changes the schema search path of the current connection.
The default schema is used in statements where no schema is set explicitly.
The default schema for new connections is PUBLIC.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH=ABC,DEF

Example:
SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH INFORMATION_SCHEMA, PUBLIC

SET THROTTLE

SET THROTTLE int

Sets the throttle for the current connection.
The value is the number of milliseconds delay after each 50 ms.
The default value is 0 (throttling disabled).
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;THROTTLE=50

Example:
SET THROTTLE 200

SET TRACE_LEVEL

SET {TRACE_LEVEL_FILE | TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT} int

Sets the trace level for file the file or system out stream.
Levels are: 0=off, 1=error, 2=info, 3=debug.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3
To use SLF4J, append ;TRACE_LEVEL_FILE=4 to the database URL when opening the database.

Example:
SET TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT 3

SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE

SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE int

Sets the maximum trace file size.
If the file exceeds the limit, the file is renamed to .old and a new file is created.
If another .old file exists, it is deleted.
The default max size is 16 MB.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE=3

Example:
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE 10

SET UNDO_LOG

SET UNDO_LOG int

Enables (1) or disables (0) the per session undo log.
The undo log is enabled by default.
When disabled, transactions can not be rolled back.
This setting should only be used for bulk operations
that don't need to be atomic.

Example:
SET UNDO_LOG 0

SET WRITE_DELAY

SET WRITE_DELAY int

Set the maximum delay between a commit and flushing the log, in milliseconds.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:h2:test;WRITE_DELAY=0

Example:
SET WRITE_DELAY 2000

SHUTDOWN

SHUTDOWN [IMMEDIATELY|COMPACT|SCRIPT]

This statement is closes all open connections to the database and closes the database.
If no option is used, then all connections are closed.
If the IMMEDIATELY option is used, the database files are closed as if the hard drive stops working,
without rollback of the open transactions.
COMPACT and SCRIPT are only supported for compatibility and have no effect.
Any open transaction are rolled back before closing the connection.
This command should usually not be used, as the database is closed
automatically when the last connection to it is closed.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Example:
SHUTDOWN

Comments

-- anythingUntilEndOfLine
| // anythingUntilEndOfLine
| /* anythingUntilEndComment */

Comments can be used anywhere in a command and are ignored by the database.
Line comments end with a newline.
Block comments cannot be nested, but can be multiple lines long.

Example:
// This is a comment

Select Part

[TOP term] [DISTINCT | ALL] selectExpression [,...]

The SELECT part of a query.

Example:
DISTINCT *

From Part

tableExpression [,...]

The FROM part of a query.

Example:
FROM TEST

Constraint

PRIMARY KEY [HASH] (columnName [,...])
| [CONSTRAINT [IF NOT EXISTS] newConstraintName] {
CHECK expression
| UNIQUE (columnName [,...])
| referentialConstraint}

Defines a constraint.
The check condition must evaluate to true or to NULL (to prevent NULL, use NOT NULL).

Example:
PRIMARY KEY(ID, NAME)

Referential Constraint

FOREIGN KEY (columnName [,...])
REFERENCES [refTableName] [(refColumnName[,...])]
[ON DELETE {CASCADE | RESTRICT | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT | SET NULL}]
[ON UPDATE {CASCADE | SET DEFAULT | SET NULL}]

Defines a referential constraint.
If the table name is not specified, then the same table is referenced.
As this database does not support deferred checking,
RESTRICT and NO ACTION will both throw an exception if the constraint is violated.
If the referenced columns are not specified, then the primary key columns are used.
The required indexes are automatically created if required.

Example:
FOREIGN KEY(ID) REFERENCES TEST(ID)

Table Expression

{[schemaName.] tableName | (select)} [[AS] newTableAlias]
[{{LEFT | RIGHT} [OUTER] | [INNER] | CROSS | NATURAL}
JOIN tableExpression [[AS] newTableAlias] [ON expression] ]

Joins a table. The join expression is not supported for cross and natural joins.
A natural join is an inner join, where the condition is automatically on the columns with the same name.

Example:
TEST AS T LEFT JOIN TEST AS T1 ON T.ID = T1.ID

Order

{int | expression} [ASC | DESC]
[NULLS {FIRST | LAST}]

Sorts the result by the given column number, or by an expression.
If the expression is a single parameter, then the value is interpreted
as a column number. Negative column numbers reverse the sort order.

Example:
NAME DESC NULLS LAST

Expression

andCondition [OR andCondition]

Value or condition.

Example:
ID=1 OR NAME='Hi'

And Condition

condition [AND condition]

Value or condition.

Example:
ID=1 AND NAME='Hi'

Condition

operand [conditionRightHandSide]
| NOT condition
| EXISTS (select)

Boolean value or condition.

Example:
ID<>2

Condition Right Hand Side

compare { {{ALL|ANY|SOME}(select)} | operand }
| IS [NOT] NULL
| BETWEEN operand AND operand
| IN ({select | expression[,...]})
| [NOT] LIKE operand [ESCAPE string]
| [NOT] REGEXP operand

The right hand side of a condition.
When comparing with LIKE, the wildcards characters are _ (any one character) and % (any characters).
The database uses an index when comparing with LIKE except if the operand starts with a wildcard.
When comparing with REGEXP, regular expression matching is used. See Java Matcher.find for details.

Example:
LIKE 'Jo%'

Compare

= | < | > | <> | <= | >= | !=

Comparison operator. The operator != is the same as <>.

Example:
<>

Operand

summand [ || summand]

A value or a concatenation of values.

Example:
'Hi' || ' Eva'

Summand

factor [{+ | -} factor]

A value or a numeric sum.

Example:
ID + 20

Factor

term [{* | /} term]

A value or a numeric factor.

Example:
ID * 10

Term

value
| columnName
| ?[int]
| NEXT VALUE FOR sequenceName
| function
| {- | +} term
| (expression)
| select
| case
| caseWhen
| tableAlias.columnName

A value. Parameters can be indexed, for example ?1 meaning the first parameter.

Example:
'Hello'

Value

string | dollarQuotedString | hexNumber | int | long | decimal | double |
date | time | timestamp | boolean | bytes | array | null

A value of any data type, or null

Example:
10

Case

CASE expression {WHEN expression THEN expression}
[...] [ELSE expression] END

Returns the first expression where the value is equal to the test expression.
If no else part is specified, return NULL

Example:
CASE CNT WHEN 0 THEN 'No' WHEN 1 THEN 'One' ELSE 'Some' END

Case When

CASE {WHEN expression THEN expression}
[...] [ELSE expression] END

Returns the first expression where the condition is true.
If no else part is specified, return NULL

Example:
CASE WHEN CNT<10 THEN 'Low' ELSE 'High' END

Cipher

[AES | XTEA]

Two algorithms are supported, AES (AES-256) and XTEA (using 32 rounds).
The AES algorithm is about half as fast as XTEA.

Example:
AES

Select Expression

* | expression [[AS] columnAlias] | tableAlias.*

An expression in a SELECT statement.

Example:
ID AS VALUE

Data Type

intType | booleanType | tinyintType | smallintType | bigintType | identityType |
decimalType | doubleType | realType | dateType | timeType | timestampType |
binaryType | otherType | varcharType | varcharIgnorecaseType | charType
blobType | clobType | uuidType | arrayType

A data type definition.

Example:
INT

Name

{ { A-Z|_ } [ { A-Z|_|0-9} [...] ] } | quotedName

Names are not case sensitive.
There is no maximum name length.

Example:
TEST

Alias

name

An alias is a name that is only valid in the context of the statement.

Example:
A

Quoted Name

"anythingExceptDoubleQuote"

Quoted names are case sensitive, and can contain spaces. There is no maximum name length.
Two double quotes can be used to create a single double quote inside an identifier.

Example:
"FirstName"

String

'anythingExceptSingleQuote'

A string starts and ends with a single quote.
Two single quotes can be used to create a single quote inside a string.

Example:
'John''s car'

Dollar Quoted String

$$anythingExceptTwoDollarSigns$$

A string starts and ends with two dollar signs.
Two dollar signs are not allowed within the text.
A whitespace is required before the first set of dollar signs.
No escaping is required within the text.

Example:
$$John's car$$

Int

[- | +] digit [...]

The maximum integer number is 2147483647, the minimum is -2147483648.

Example:
10

Long

[- | +] digit [...]

Long numbers are between -9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807.

Example:
100000

Hex Number

[+ | -] 0x hex

A number written in hexadecimal notation.

Example:
0xff

Decimal

[- | +] digit [...] [. digit [...] ]

Number with fixed precision and scale.

Example:
-1600.05

Double

[- | +] digit [...]
[. digit [...] [E [- | +] exponentDigit [...] ]]

The limitations are the same as for the Java data type Double.

Example:
-1.4e-10

Date

DATE 'yyyy-MM-dd'

A date literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type java.sql.Date, but
for compatibility with other databases the suggested minimum and maximum years are 0001 and 9999.

Example:
DATE '2004-12-31'

Time

TIME 'hh:mm:ss'

A time literal.

Example:
TIME '23:59:59'

Timestamp

TIMESTAMP 'yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss[.nnnnnnnnn]'

A timestamp literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type java.sql.Timestamp, but
for compatibility with other databases the suggested minimum and maximum years are 0001 and 9999.

Example:
TIMESTAMP '2005-12-31 23:59:59'

Boolean

TRUE | FALSE

A boolean value.

Example:
TRUE

Bytes

X'hex'

A binary value. The hex value is not case sensitive.

Example:
X'01FF'

Array

( expression [,..] )

An array of values.

Example:
(1, 2)

Null

NULL

NULL is a value without data type and means 'unknown value'.

Example:
NULL

Hex

{{ digit | a-f | A-F } {digit | a-f | A-F }} [...]

The hexadecimal representation of a number or of bytes.
Two characters are one byte.

Example:
cafe

Digit

0-9

A digit.

Example:
0

Information Schema

The system tables in the schema 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA' contain the meta data of all tables in the database as well as the current settings.

TableColumns
CATALOGSCATALOG_NAME
COLLATIONSNAME, KEY
COLUMNSTABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, NUMERIC_SCALE, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME, TYPE_NAME, NULLABLE, IS_COMPUTED, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, REMARKS
COLUMN_PRIVILEGESGRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
CONSTANTSCONSTANT_CATALOG, CONSTANT_SCHEMA, CONSTANT_NAME, DATA_TYPE, REMARKS, SQL, ID
CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, UNIQUE_INDEX_NAME, CHECK_EXPRESSION, COLUMN_LIST, REMARKS, SQL, ID
CROSS_REFERENCESPKTABLE_CATALOG, PKTABLE_SCHEMA, PKTABLE_NAME, PKCOLUMN_NAME, FKTABLE_CATALOG, FKTABLE_SCHEMA, FKTABLE_NAME, FKCOLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, UPDATE_RULE, DELETE_RULE, FK_NAME, PK_NAME, DEFERRABILITY
DOMAINSDOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, SCALE, TYPE_NAME, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, REMARKS, SQL, ID
FUNCTION_ALIASESALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, DATA_TYPE, COLUMN_COUNT, RETURNS_RESULT, REMARKS, ID
FUNCTION_COLUMNSALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, COLUMN_COUNT, POS, COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, TYPE_NAME, PRECISION, SCALE, RADIX, NULLABLE, COLUMN_TYPE, REMARKS
HELPID, SECTION, TOPIC, SYNTAX, TEXT, EXAMPLE
INDEXESTABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, NON_UNIQUE, INDEX_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_NAME, CARDINALITY, PRIMARY_KEY, INDEX_TYPE_NAME, IS_GENERATED, INDEX_TYPE, ASC_OR_DESC, PAGES, FILTER_CONDITION, REMARKS, SQL, ID, SORT_TYPE
IN_DOUBTTRANSACTION, STATE
LOCKSTABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, SESSION_ID, LOCK_TYPE
RIGHTSGRANTEE, GRANTEETYPE, GRANTEDROLE, RIGHTS, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ID
ROLESNAME, REMARKS, ID
SCHEMATACATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA_OWNER, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME, IS_DEFAULT, REMARKS, ID
SEQUENCESSEQUENCE_CATALOG, SEQUENCE_SCHEMA, SEQUENCE_NAME, CURRENT_VALUE, INCREMENT, IS_GENERATED, REMARKS, CACHE, ID
SESSIONSID, USER_NAME, SESSION_START, STATEMENT, STATEMENT_START
SESSION_STATEKEY, SQL
SETTINGSNAME, VALUE
TABLESTABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, TABLE_TYPE, STORAGE_TYPE, SQL, REMARKS, ID
TABLE_PRIVILEGESGRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
TABLE_TYPESTYPE
TRIGGERSTRIGGER_CATALOG, TRIGGER_SCHEMA, TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, BEFORE, JAVA_CLASS, QUEUE_SIZE, NO_WAIT, REMARKS, SQL, ID
TYPE_INFOTYPE_NAME, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, PREFIX, SUFFIX, PARAMS, AUTO_INCREMENT, MINIMUM_SCALE, MAXIMUM_SCALE, RADIX, POS, CASE_SENSITIVE, NULLABLE, SEARCHABLE
USERSNAME, ADMIN, REMARKS, ID
VIEWSTABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, VIEW_DEFINITION, CHECK_OPTION, IS_UPDATABLE, STATUS, REMARKS, ID

Range Table

The range table is a dynamic system table that contains all values from a start to an end value. The table contains one column called X. Both the start and end values are included in the result. The table is used as follows:

SELECT X FROM SYSTEM_RANGE(1, 10);